camera module works
The working principle of the camera module mainly involves the conversion and processing of optical signals to electrical signals and then to digital signals. Specifically, its working principle can be divided into the following steps:
1. Focus and projection of light
Lens action: The lens in the camera module is responsible for receiving and focusing the light from the object being photographed. The design of the lens determines the quality of the focus of the light and the sharpness of the image.
Filter: Before the light enters the image sensor, it is usually filtered through a filter (such as an infrared filter) to filter out unwanted light (such as infrared), ensuring that only the visible part of the image sensor is projected.
2. Conversion of optical signal to electrical signal
Image sensor: The light is focused and projected onto an image sensor (such as a CMOS or CCD sensor). Image sensors are made up of millions to tens of millions of photodiodes, each equivalent to a pixel.
Photoelectric effect: When light hits a photodiode, the photoelectric effect occurs, that is, photon energy is converted into electron energy, resulting in an electric current or charge. This process converts optical signals into electrical signals.
3. Electrical signal to digital signal conversion and processing
Analog-to-digital conversion: After the initial amplification and processing of the electrical signal, it will enter the analog-to-digital converter (A/D converter) to convert the analog signal into a digital signal. Digital signals are easier to store, transmit and process.
Image processing: The digital signal is then fed into an image processing chip (such as an ISP, image signal processor) for further processing. Processing may include color correction, image enhancement, noise suppression, white balance adjustment, exposure control, jne., to optimize image quality.
Encoding and compression: In order to facilitate storage and transmission, the processed digital image signal may be encoded and compressed into a specific format (such as JPEG, H.264, jne.).
4. Output and communication
Output interface: The camera module is usually connected to the host or other devices through USB, HDMI, MIPI and other interfaces to output the processed digital image signal to the display or storage device.
Communication protocol: During the output process, the camera module may need to follow a specific communication protocol (such as the UVC protocol) to ensure compatibility and stability with the host or other devices.
5. Additional features
Autofocus: Many high-end camera modules have autofocus. This is usually achieved through a drive such as a voice coil motor (VCM), which adjusts the focal length by controlling the position of the lens, ensuring that the subject remains sharp at all times.
Other features: Depending on specific needs, the camera module may also have other features, such as optical zoom, anti-shake, face recognition, night vision, jne.
To sum up, the working principle of the camera module is a complex and precise process that involves knowledge and technology in multiple fields such as optics, electronics and digital signal processing. Through continuous optimization and innovation, the performance and function of the camera module are constantly improving, providing a clearer, stable and intelligent image capture solution for various application scenarios.
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